COMPARE THE AUDIO LINGUAL METHOD AND THE SILENT WAY

COMPARE THE AUDIO LINGUAL METHOD AND THE SILENT WAY

a. The audio Lingual method
The udio Lingual Method, like the Direct Method we have just examined, is also an oral based approach. However, it is very different in that rather than emphasizing vocabulary acquistion through exposure to its use in situations, the Audio Liingual Method drills student in use of grammatical sentence patterns.It was thought that the way to acquire the sentence patterns of the target language was through conditioning-helping learners to respond correctly to stimuli through shaping and reinforcement.Learners could overcome the habits of their native language and form the new habits required to be target language speakers.
The principles of The audio Linguual Method that are :
a. Language forms do not occur by themselves; they occur most naturally within a context.
b. The native language and the target language have separate linguistic systems. They should be kept apart so that the student’s native language interferes as little as possible with student’s attempts to acquire the target language.
c. One of the language teacher’s major roles is that of a model the target language. Teachers should provide students with a good model. By listening to how it tis supposed to sound, students should be able to mimic the model.
d. Language learning is a process of habit formation. The more often something is repeated, the stronger the habit and greater the learning.
e. It is important to prevent learners for making errors. Errors lead to formation of bad habits. When errors do occur, they should be immadiately corrected by the teacher.
f. The purpose of language learning is to learn how to use the language to communicate.
g. Particular parts of speech occupy particular “slots” in sentences, In order to create new sentences, students must learn which part of speech occupies which slot.
h. Positive reinforcement help the student to develop correct habits.
i. Students should learn to respond to both verbal and non verbal stimuli.
j. Each language has a finite number of patterns. Pattern practice helps students to form habits which enables the students to use the patterns.
k. Students should “overlearn” e.g learn to answer automatically wihout stopping to think.
l. The teacher should be like an orchestra leader-conducting, guiding, and controling the students’ behaviour in the target language.
m. The major objevtive of language teaching should be for students to acquire the structural patterns; students will learn vocabulary afteward.
n. The learning of a foreign language should be the same as the acquisition of the native language. We do not need to memorize rules in order to use our native language. The rules necessary to use the target language will be figured out or induced from examples.
o. The major challenge of foreign language teaching is gettin to overcome the habits of their native language. A comparison beteen the native and the target language will tell the teacher in what areas her students will probably experienced difficulty.
p. Speech is more basic to language than the written form. The “ntural order” –the order children follow when learning their native language-of skill acquistion is; listening, speaking, reading, and writing.
q. Languages cannot be separated from culture. Culture is not only literature and the arts, but also the everyday behaviour of the people who use the target language. One of the teacher’s responsibilities is to present information about that culture.

b. The Silent Way
Linguist Noam Chomsky argued that language acquistion could not possibly take place through habit formation since people create and understand utterances they have never heard before.Chomsky proposed instead that speakers have a knowledge of underlying abstract rules, which allow them to understand and create novel utterances. Thus, Chomsky reasoned, language must not be considered a product of habit formation, but rather of rule formation.
Altouhgh Caleb Gattegno’s Silent way did not stem diraectly from the Cognitive Approach, it shares certain principle with it.
Let us review in detail our observation and examine its principle are:
a. The taecher should start with something the students already know and bulid from that to the unkown. Languages share a nuber of features, sounds being the most basic.
b. Language learners are intellegent and bring with them the experience of already learning a language. The teacher should give only what help is necessary.
c. Language is not learned by repeating after a model. Students need to develop their own’innercriteria’ for correctness—to trust and to be responsible for their own production in the target language.
d. Student actions can tell the teacher whether or not they have learned.
e. Student should learn to rely on each othe and themselves.
f. The teacher works with student while the student work on the language.
g. The teacher makes use of what student already know. The more the teacher does for the students what they can do for themselves.
h. Learning involves transfefrring what one knows to new contexts.
i. Reading is worked on from the beginning but follows from what students have learned to say
j. Silence is a tool. It helps to foster autonmy, or the exercise of initiative.